|
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2015 | Volume
: 16
| Issue : 2 | Page : 47-52 |
|
|
Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and the incidence of acute kidney injury in patients with coronary artery disease in Mumbai, India
Pavan Malleshappa1, Bharat V Shah2
1 Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, B. G. Nagara, Mandya, Karnataka, India
2 Department of Nephrology, Global Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| Date of Web Publication | 23-Jun-2015 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Pavan Malleshappa
Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, B. G. Nagara, Nagamangala, Mandya, Karnataka
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/1995-705X.159219
 Abstract | | |
Background and Objective: To determine the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) demonstrated on coronary angiography.
Materials and Methods: Totally, 125 patients admitted to Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, with CAD were included in the study.
Results: Left anterior descending artery was the major vessel involved (40%), followed by a circumflex artery (21.6%). 49 out of 125 (39.2%) were found to have underlying CKD. 69% (34) of these CKD patients developed AKI. 21 out of 34 patients who developed AKI required hemodialysis. Only 47.1% (16 out of 34) of CKD patients had complete recovery, 29% had partial recovery, and 23% had no recovery of their renal function from AKI. Statistically significant number of patients in CKD group had no recovery from AKI as compared to non-CKD group (23.5% vs. 0%).
Conclusion: Our study concludes that there is a very high prevalence of CKD (39.2%) in patients with CAD and AKI is a very important complication (38.4%) in these patients. Considering such a high prevalence of CKD, nephrology referral must be considered in patients with abnormal urinalysis, spot urinary protein to creatinine ratio and in patients whose creatinine clearance is <60 ml/min. Keywords: Acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, hemodialysis
How to cite this article:
Malleshappa P, Shah BV. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and the incidence of acute kidney injury in patients with coronary artery disease in Mumbai, India. Heart Views 2015;16:47-52 |
How to cite this URL:
Malleshappa P, Shah BV. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and the incidence of acute kidney injury in patients with coronary artery disease in Mumbai, India. Heart Views [serial online] 2015 [cited 2023 Sep 23];16:47-52. Available from: https://www.heartviews.org/text.asp?2015/16/2/47/159219 |
| Introduction | |  |
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. [1] CKD occurs commonly in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). CKD is a major and serious risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). [2] CAD is extremely common in the population of uremic patients. In people with established CAD, CKD predicts recurrent events as strongly as other established cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes and elevated blood pressure. [3] Whether the cardiovascular risk in the setting of CKD is due to increased atherosclerotic burden, higher risk of plaque rupture as a result of inflammation, [4] or other mechanisms is unknown.
The incidence and severity of obstructive CAD increases as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declines. [5],[6] CAD shows a pattern of diffuse multivessel involvement with coronary calcification; small angiographic studies suggest that this incidence exceeds 50% in unselected CKD five-dimension patients. [7],[8],[9],[10],[11] Among patients with CAD, concomitant CKD portends a worse prognosis. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are inversely and independently associated with kidney function, particularly at estimated GFR <15 ml/min/1.73 m 2 . [12],[13] Standard cardiovascular risk factors are common in CKD, but do not fully explain the high incidence of cardiovascular events or increased mortality rates; [14],[15] their association with cardiovascular outcomes is attenuated or even reversed at the most advanced CKD stages. [16]
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication in patients with CAD, who undergo coronary angiography (CAG). Although the incidence of AKI requiring dialysis is low, the presence of even small changes in kidney function has been associated with adverse short-term outcomes, including target vessel reocclusion, prolonged hospital stay, and in-hospital mortality. [17] The long-term clinical consequences of AKI in this setting are less clear. Our study aims to determine prevalence of CKD in patients with CAD demonstrated on CAG, to determine how many went on to develop AKI; amongst those who developed AKI how many had complete recovery, partial recovery, and no recovery of renal function.
| Materials and Methods | | |
- Totally, 125 patients admitted to Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, between September 2007 and October 2009 with acute coronary syndrome with angiographic evidence of >50% stenosis in one or more coronary vessels were included in the study
- All patients were evaluated for the evidence of CKD. Serum creatinine, routine urine analysis, and spot urine for protein to creatinine ratio of all patients were measured using the standard technique in the clinical laboratory. For secondary analysis, creatinine clearance (mL/min/1.73 m 2 of body surface area) was estimated by the Cockroft-Gault equation. Patients whose creatinine clearance is <60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 of body surface area for at least 3 months prior to the current admission are diagnosed to have CKD as per K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for CKD [18]
- AKI was defined according to the risk, injury, failure, loss, and end-stage kidney (RIFLE) criteria. [19] We used the change in serum creatinine level to define AKI according to RIFLE criteria. AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine levels ≥1.5 × baseline
- Serum creatinine levels were measured at the end of 3 months in those patients, who developed AKI, to find out how many had complete recovery, partial recovery and no recovery of their renal function.
Statistical analysis
Statistical software
The Statistical software namely SPSS 15.0 was used for the analysis of the data and Microsoft word and Excel have been used to generate graphs, tables, etc. Chi-square/Fisher exact test has been used to find the significance of study parameters on the categorical scale between two or more groups.
| Results | | |
Totally, 125 patients with angiography proven CAD were included in the study. Majority of patients (40%) belong to 60-70 years age group [Table 1]. Among 125 patients, 77.6% were found to be males and 22.4% were found to be females [Table 1]. Hypertension was found to be the more prevalent (66.4%) co-morbid condition associated with CAD, followed by diabetes mellitus (50.4%). Left anterior descending was the major vessel involved (40%), followed by a circumflex artery (21.6%). Majority of the patients had single-vessel disease (79.2%), followed by triple vessel disease (15.2%) and double vessel disease (5.6%) being the least common. Fifty-five percent of patients had <0.2 g proteinuria/day on spot urine for protein to creatinine ratio estimation, 22.4% had proteinuria in the range of 0.2-1 g/day, 10.4% between 1 and 2 g/day, 9.6% between 2 and 3 g/day, and 2.4% had proteinuria of >3 g/day.
Approximately 40% of patients had stage III CKD during admission [Figure 1]. AKI developed in 38.4% of patients. 69% of these had underlying CKD [Table 2]. Approximately 55% of patients who developed AKI required renal replacement therapy in the form of hemodialysis (HD). Among 55%, significant number of patients requiring HD belongs to CKD group (43.8%) [Figure 2]. Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) preventive measures in the form of hydration using normal saline or N-acetyl cysteine or sodium bicarbonate were used in 46.9% of CKD patients [Table 3]. Statistically significant number of patients developed AKI in the CKD group, which did not receive any CIN preventive measures (P < 0.001). Statistically significant correlation was found between low hemoglobin levels and development of AKI in CKD group [Table 4]. There was no significant difference with respect to age, gender, body mass index, duration of diabetes and levels of serum creatinine, serum calcium and serum phosphorus levels between patients with and without CKD in development of AKI. Creatinine clearance at the end of 3 months was measured in those patients who developed AKI during their coronary evaluation. Majority of patients were found to have a creatinine clearance in the range of 15-30 ml/min (33.3%), followed by 30-60 ml/min (31.3%), >60 ml/min (25%) and <15 ml/min (10.4%). Recovery of renal function at the end of 3 months in CKD and non-CKD groups is shown in [Table 5]. | Figure 2: AKI requiring hemodialysis AKI: Acute kidney injury, HD: Hemodialysis, CKD: Chronic kidney disease
Click here to view |
 | Table 3: CIN preventive measures and its influence on the development of AKI
Click here to view |
 | Table 4: Characteristics of patients who developed AKI in CKD and non-CKD group
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
It is estimated that up to 11% of adults in the United States have CKD. [20] CKD is a major and serious risk factor for CAD. [2] Recent studies have confirmed that even early CKD constitutes a significant risk factor for cardiovascular events and death, [3],[13] and proper management of CVD is different and more complex in patients with CKD. [21] Both the frequency of cardiovascular complications and the progression of CKD can be ameliorated in these patients by appropriate intervention. For all these reasons, we evaluated patients who got admitted with CAD for the presence of CKD as part of preventive care and treatment strategies. In our study, 78% of the subjects studied were males, 22% of the subjects were females, indicating that CAD is more prevalent among males than females. These findings were similar with the results of the studies by Liu et al. [22]
Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in coronary artery disease
We found that the prevalence of CKD among 125 subjects with CAD was 39.2%. Liu et al. in their study found that the prevalence of CKD among the 3513 China Heart Survey (CHS) participants with coronary heart disease was 24.8%. [22] Mielniczuk et al. in their study, estimated baseline eGFR for the 4181 patients with non-ST or ST elevation acute coronary syndromes who participated in the Aggrastat-to-Zocor Trial. [23] The baseline eGFR in their study was 67.8 ml/min/1.73 m 2 (range, 9.7-149.2 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ) indicating that a significant number of patients had underlying CKD.
Incidence of acute kidney injury
In our study, 48 patients (38.4%) out of 125 developed AKI (defined as an increase in serum creatinine levels ≥1.5 × baseline). Of 48 patients who developed AKI, 34 of them had underlying CKD. 54.2% (26 out of 48) of these AKI patients required renal replacement therapy in the form of HD. Requirement of HD was more in patients with underlying CKD (21 vs. 5) as compared to non-CKD patients. Parikh et al. performed an observational study of 147,007 elderly Medicare patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) as a part of the cooperative cardiovascular project. [24] They evaluated the association between AKI and all-cause mortality in the above-mentioned population. In their study, 19.4% of the patients had AKI. Goldberg et al. studied the incidence and clinical significance of transient versus persistent AKI in 1957 patients who survived an ST-elevation AMI. [25] AKI developed in 46.7% of the patients, of these 3.9% (10) patients received renal replacement therapy.
Assessment of renal function at the end of 3 months in those patients who developed acute kidney injury following acute coronary event
We followed-up 48 patients, who developed AKI to find out how many had complete recovery, partial recovery, and no recovery of AKI at the end of 3 months. Of 14 non-CKD patients who developed AKI, 8 (57.1%) patients had complete recovery and 6 (42.9%) had partial recovery of AKI. Of 34 CKD patients, 16 (47.1%) had complete recovery, 10 (29.4%) had partial recovery, and 8 (23.5%) had no recovery of AKI. Statistically significant number of patients developed no recovery of their renal function in CKD group (23.5% vs. 0) as compared to non-CKD (P < 0.001). These patients became dialysis dependents.
Our study has several limitations
- Only 125 patients were studied. This is a small number considering the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the society. However, limited time that we get to do our thesis makes it difficult to include large numbers
- Long-term follow-up was not done in our study. Long-term follow-up would have given a better idea about progression of renal dysfunction and its impact on cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality
- Finally, we did not address the influence of different therapies that were administered during the acute phase of the CAD on the changes in renal function.
Our study concludes
- In view of high prevalence of CKD (39.2%) in patients with CAD, every patient undergoing CAG must have renal function evaluation before CAG including Urine ® , Spot urine for albumin to creatinine ratio and serum creatinine levels
- Considering such a high prevalence of CKD, nephrology referral must be considered in patients with abnormal urinalysis, spot urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, and in patients whose creatinine clearance is <60 ml/min
- AKI is an important complication of CAG and precautions should be taken to prevent it
- Significant number of patients has worsening of renal function at the end of 3 months. We find many patients developing progressive CKD after an episode of acute coronary syndrome
- All patients should have their renal function assessed 3 months after the CAG.
| References | | |
| 1. | National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. US Renal Data System, USRDS 1998 Annual Data Report. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 1998.  |
| 2. | Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, Coresh J, Culleton B, Hamm LL, et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: A statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 2003;108:2154-69. [ PUBMED] |
| 3. | Weiner DE, Tighiouart H, Stark PC, Amin MG, MacLeod B, Griffith JL, et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for recurrent cardiovascular disease and mortality. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;44:198-206. |
| 4. | Wolfe RA, Port FK, Webb RL, Bloembergen WE, Hirth R, Young EW, et al. Excerpts from the United States Renal Data System, 1998. Annual data report: V. Patient mortality and survival. Am J Kidney Dis 1998;32:S269-80. |
| 5. | Nakano T, Ninomiya T, Sumiyoshi S, Fujii H, Doi Y, Hirakata H, et al. Association of kidney function with coronary atherosclerosis and calcification in autopsy samples from Japanese elders: The Hisayama study. Am J Kidney Dis 2010;55:21-30. |
| 6. | Chonchol M, Whittle J, Desbien A, Orner MB, Petersen LA, Kressin NR. Chronic kidney disease is associated with angiographic coronary artery disease. Am J Nephrol 2008;28:354-60. |
| 7. | Ix JH, Shlipak MG, Liu HH, Schiller NB, Whooley MA. Association between renal insufficiency and inducible ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease: The heart and soul study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:3233-8. |
| 8. | Marwick TH, Steinmuller DR, Underwood DA, Hobbs RE, Go RT, Swift C, et al. Ineffectiveness of dipyridamole SPECT thallium imaging as a screening technique for coronary artery disease in patients with end-stage renal failure. Transplantation 1990;49:100-3. |
| 9. | Joki N, Hase H, Nakamura R, Yamaguchi T. Onset of coronary artery disease prior to initiation of haemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997;12:718-23. |
| 10. | Ohtake T, Kobayashi S, Moriya H, Negishi K, Okamoto K, Maesato K, et al. High prevalence of occult coronary artery stenosis in patients with chronic kidney disease at the initiation of renal replacement therapy: An angiographic examination. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:1141-8. |
| 11. | deFilippi C, Wasserman S, Rosanio S, Tiblier E, Sperger H, Tocchi M, et al. Cardiac troponin T and C-reactive protein for predicting prognosis, coronary atherosclerosis, and cardiomyopathy in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. JAMA 2003;290:353-9. |
| 12. | Gibson CM, Pinto DS, Murphy SA, Morrow DA, Hobbach HP, Wiviott SD, et al. Association of creatinine and creatinine clearance on presentation in acute myocardial infarction with subsequent mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1535-43. |
| 13. | Anavekar NS, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Solomon SD, Kober L, Rouleau JL, et al. Relation between renal dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1285-95. |
| 14. | Longenecker JC, Coresh J, Powe NR, Levey AS, Fink NE, Martin A, et al. Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in dialysis patients compared with the general population: The CHOICE Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:1918-27. |
| 15. | Weiner DE, Tighiouart H, Elsayed EF, Griffith JL, Salem DN, Levey AS, et al. The Framingham predictive instrument in chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:217-24. |
| 16. | Kalantar-Zadeh K, Block G, Humphreys MH, Kopple JD. Reverse epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in maintenance dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2003;63:793-808. |
| 17. | James MT, Ghali WA, Knudtson ML, Ravani P, Tonelli M, Faris P, et al. Associations between acute kidney injury and cardiovascular and renal outcomes after coronary angiography. Circulation 2011;123:409-16. |
| 18. | K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;39:S1-246. [ PUBMED] |
| 19. | Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P, Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Workgroup. Acute renal failure - Definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: The Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 2004;8:R204-12. |
| 20. | Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, Eknoyan G, Levey AS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41:1-12. |
| 21. | Gupta R, Birnbaum Y, Uretsky BF. The renal patient with coronary artery disease: Current concepts and dilemmas. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:1343-53. |
| 22. | Liu H, Yu J, Chen F, Li J, Hu D. Inpatients with coronary heart disease have a high prevalence of chronic kidney disease based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in China. Heart Vessels 2007;22:223-8. |
| 23. | Mielniczuk LM, Pfeffer MA, Lewis EF, Blazing MA, de Lemos JA, Mohanavelu S, et al. Acute decline in renal function, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk after an acute coronary syndrome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4:1811-7. |
| 24. | Parikh CR, Coca SG, Wang Y, Masoudi FA, Krumholz HM. Long-term prognosis of acute kidney injury after acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:987-95. |
| 25. | Goldberg A, Kogan E, Hammerman H, Markiewicz W, Aronson D. The impact of transient and persistent acute kidney injury on long-term outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. Kidney Int 2009;76:900-6. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Patient-Reported Experiences after Acute Kidney Injury across Multiple Health-Related Quality-of-Life Domains |
|
| Galen E. Switzer, Chethan M. Puttarajappa, Sandra L. Kane-Gill, Linda F. Fried, Kaleab Z. Abebe, John A. Kellum, Manisha Jhamb, Jessica G. Bruce, Vidya Kuniyil, Paul T. Conway, Richard Knight, John Murphy, Paul M. Palevsky | | Kidney360. 2022; 3(3): 426 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Anemia in Cardiovascular Disease: Marker of Disease Severity or Disease-modifying Therapeutic Target? |
|
| Harsh Goel,Joshua R. Hirsch,Anita Deswal,Saamir A. Hassan | | Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2021; 23(10) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Adequacy of Dialysis in Iranian Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
|
| Fazel Dehvan,Fateme Monjazebi,Masoumeh Erfani Khanghahi,Hiwa Mohammadi,Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh,Amanj Kurdi | | Nephro-Urology Monthly. 2018; 10(5) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
